In this final part of his conversation with Jacob Heilbrunn, Michael Mandelbaum considers the possible consequences of weakening America’s post-1945 alliances. Middle powers that no longer trust US protection, he warns, may seek nuclear weapons of their own. European strategic autonomy would require stronger military capabilities and deeper political integration, both still uncertain. A future international order centred on the United States, China and Europe remains conceivable, but distant. Retreating from established alliances, Mandelbaum argues, could produce a more nuclear and less secure world.
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